![]() Lenin approached these regions with the goal of creating a federal state of republics governed by a soviet, an elected committee of workers’ representatives. Approximately 1.5 million soldiers had died in the fighting, but the civilian death toll was substantially higher-about eight million.ĭuring the civil war, Lenin and the Bolshevik leadership also sought to take over lands outside Russia that had been controlled by the now-deposed tsar. The civil war ended in 1921 with the Bolsheviks in control. troops all invaded Russia in support of the White Army and stayed until 1920, but they were unable to stop the Bolsheviks from seizing control. The Red Army, though smaller, had a focused goal and was better organized.īritish, French, Japanese, and U.S. Members of the White Army disagreed on whether they sought an anti-Bolshevik communist government or the return of a tsarist government. Civil war raged from 1918 to 1921 between the Red Army of the Bolsheviks and the White Army representing all the groups that opposed them, including the Russian upper classes, forces loyal to the monarchy, and Lenin’s enemies within the Russian Social Democrats, such as the Menshevik faction. The Birth of the Soviet Union and the Rise of StalinĪfter the Bolshevik seizure of the government and Russia’s hasty departure from World War I, Lenin moved to consolidate power in Russia. ![]() Lenin’s early death created an opening exploited by Joseph Stalin, an autocrat who reshaped the “worker’s paradise” of the Soviet Union to bring it fully under his authoritarian control. Russia was then reorganized as the Soviet Union in the early 1920s. A bloody civil war was fought for the next three years before the Bolsheviks and their leader Vladimir Lenin were victorious. Russia underwent massive political upheaval during the Bolshevik takeover in 1917.
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